A. Economic
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Imperialism at home and abroad
- In one generation |
|
Africa - direct possession
(1902: only Liberia, founded by former American slaves remains
independent) |
|
Asia and Near East: economic
and diplomatic pressure |
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Economic concessions and
extra-territorial privileges: Ottoman Empire - most vulnerable; China -
most vulnerable; Japan - modernizing rapidly; India - firmly in British
hands; |
|
Importance to Europe: keeps fat
on European economy; colonial rule a reproach to democracy; encouraged
feelings of national and racial superiority; |
|
"Pan" movements - a form of
imperialism |
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Technology and science:
materialism |
B. Social
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Human welfare: serfdom gone
(except in Russia); surgery and anesthetics perfected; life span longer;
Victorian middle class morality in decline; spread of literacy.
|
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Peace movements: "pipe dream of
peace". |
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Aristocratic remainders.
|
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Neglect of the proletariat.
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C. Intellectual
1. European cultural heritage
2. Ideologies of progress:
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conservatism - delaying action
not progress (aristocracy) |
|
liberalism - freedom, law,
representative government (upper middle class) |
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radicalism - remove class
distinctions, anti-clerical (lower middle class) |
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socialism - collectivist
doctrine (city workers) |
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new left - syndicalism
|
D. Political
1. the nation-state: language and
race
2. parliamentary government
3. parties:
|
tied to class and ideology
|
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lack of responsibility
|
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too many of them |
4. Differing forms
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separation of powers only in
the USA |
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king or president a figurehead
in Britain and France |
|
search for majorities in
parliament |
|
Britain: the cabinet held the
whip |
|
France and Italy: parliament
held the whip |
5. Extension of the suffrage
6. Exceptions to democratization
|
Germany: only has external form
of it, the Reichstag is a "debating chamber" |
|
Austria-Hungary: maintaining
monarchy in polyglot confusion |
|
Russia: a struggle between Duma
and Ministry |
E. Military
1. popular militarism
|
Boer War |
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naval building race: Admiral
Tirpitz - risk theory |
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Three-year army law: France
1913 |
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Tripoli campaign in Italy, 1911
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2. Comparative figures on army
increase, 1870-1914:
1870 1914
Russia 700,000 1,300,000
France 380,000 846,000
Germany 403,000 812,000
Austria-Hungary 247,000 424,000
Britain 302,000 381,000
Italy 334,000 305,000
Japan 70,000 250,000
U.S.A. 37,000 98,000
3. military expenditure
|
Germany and Russia had the
largest budgets in 1914 |
|
Britain and Germany spent most
per capita: |
|
Germany $8.52 |
|
Britain $8.53 |
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U.S.A. $0.32 |
F. Diplomatic
1. Alliance System
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1870 - 1890: Bismarck in
control |
|
1890 - 1907: balance against
Germany |
2. Testing the system
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Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5
|
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First Morocco Crisis, 1905-6
|
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Bosnian Annexation Crisis, 1908
|
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Second Morocco Crisis, 1911
|
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Haldane Mission, 1912
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3. Tensions in the Balkans
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Hapsburg Empire in turmoil
|
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South Slav Problem |
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First Balkan War, 1912-13
|
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Second Balkan War, 1913
|
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